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Book 12 – Chapter 056
BORI CE: 12-056-001 वैशंपायन उवाच |
MN DUTT: 07-056-001 वैशम्पायन उवाच प्रणिपत्य हृषीकेशमभिवाद्य पितामहम् |
M. N. Dutt: Having saluted Hrishikesha, and Bhishma, and taken the permission of all the elders assembled there, Yudhishthira began to question Bhishma. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-002 राज्यं वै परमो धर्म इति धर्मविदो विदुः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-002 युधिष्ठिर उवाच राज्ञां वै परमो धर्म इति धर्मविदो विदुः |
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said 'Persons conversant with duty and morality lecture that royal duties are the highest science of duty. I also regard the burden of those duties as being highly heavy. Do you, therefore, O king, describe those duties. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-003 राजधर्मान्विशेषेण कथयस्व पितामह |
MN DUTT: 07-056-003 राजधर्मान् विशेषेण कथयस्व पितामह |
M. N. Dutt: O grandfather, do you speak fully on the duties of kings. The science of royal duties is the refuge of all creatures. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-004 त्रिवर्गोऽत्र समासक्तो राजधर्मेषु कौरव |
MN DUTT: 07-056-004 त्रिवर्गो हि समासक्तो राजधर्मेषु कारैव |
M. N. Dutt: O you of Kuru's race, Religion, Profit, and Pleasure depend on royal duties. It is also clear that the practices that lead to liberation equally depend on them. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-005 यथा हि रश्मयोऽश्वस्य द्विरदस्याङ्कुशो यथा |
MN DUTT: 07-056-005 यथा हि रश्मयोऽश्वस्य द्विरदस्याङ्कद्धशो यथा |
M. N. Dutt: As the reins govern the horse or the iron goad the elephant, so the science of royal duties forms the reins for restraining the world. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-006 अत्र वै संप्रमूढे तु धर्मे राजर्षिसेविते |
MN DUTT: 07-056-006 तत्र चेत् सम्प्रमुोत धर्मे राजर्षिसेविते |
M. N. Dutt: If one becomes bewildered regarding the duties observed by kings, disorder would prevail on Earth and everything will be in confusion. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-007 उदयन्हि यथा सूर्यो नाशयत्यासुरं तमः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-007 उदयन् हि यथा सूर्यो नाशयत्यशुभं तमः |
M. N. Dutt: As the Sun rising removes darkness, so this science destroys all the evil consequences of the world. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-008 तदग्रे राजधर्माणामर्थतत्त्वं पितामह |
MN DUTT: 07-056-008 तदने राजधर्मान् हि मदर्थे त्वं पितामह |
M. N. Dutt: Therefore, O grandfather, do you, for my sake, discourse on royal duties first of all, for you, O chief of the Bharatas, are the foremost of all persons conversant with duties. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-009 आगमश्च परस्त्वत्तः सर्वेषां नः परंतप |
MN DUTT: 07-056-009 आगमश्च परस्त्वत्तः परंतप |
M. N. Dutt: O destroyer of foes, Vasudeva considers you as the foremost of all intelligent persons. Therefore, all of us expect the best knowledge from you.' |
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BORI CE: 12-056-010 भीष्म उवाच |
MN DUTT: 07-056-010 भीष्म उवाच नमो धर्माय महते नमः कृष्णाय वेधसे |
M. N. Dutt: Bhishma said 'Saluting Dharma who is Supreme, Krishna who is Brahma in full, and the Brahmanas, I shall discourse on the eternal duties (of men). |
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BORI CE: 12-056-011 शृणु कार्त्स्न्येन मत्तस्त्वं राजधर्मान्युधिष्ठिर |
MN DUTT: 07-056-011 शृणु कात्स्येन मत्तस्त्वं राजधर्मान् युधिष्ठिर |
M. N. Dutt: Hear from me, O Yudhishthira, with rapt attention, all the royal duties described accurately and fully and other duties that you may wish to know. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-012 आदावेव कुरुश्रेष्ठ राज्ञा रञ्जनकाम्यया |
MN DUTT: 07-056-012 आदावेव कुरुश्रेष्ठ राज्ञा रञ्जनकाम्यया |
M. N. Dutt: In the first place, O chief of Kuru's race, the king should, for pleasing (his subjects), wait humbly upon the gods and the Brahmanas, always following implicitly the ordinance. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-013 दैवतान्यर्चयित्वा हि ब्राह्मणांश्च कुरूद्वह |
MN DUTT: 07-056-013 उत्थानेन सदा पुत्र दैवतान्यर्चयित्वा हि ब्राह्मणांश्च कुरूद्वह |
M. N. Dutt: By adoring the celestials and the Brahmanas, O increaser of Kuru's race, the king satisfies his debt to duty and morality, and acquires the respect of his subjects. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-014 उत्थाने च सदा पुत्र प्रयतेथा युधिष्ठिर |
MN DUTT: 07-056-014 प्रयतेथा युधिष्ठिर |
M. N. Dutt: O son, you should always exert promptly, O Yudhishthira, for without exertion and manliness mere destiny never accomplishes the objects the kings wish to achieve. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-015 साधारणं द्वयं ह्येतद्दैवमुत्थानमेव च |
MN DUTT: 07-056-015 साधारणं द्वयं ह्येतद् दैवमुत्थानमेव च |
M. N. Dutt: These two, viz., exertion and destiny, are equal. Of them, I consider exertion to be superior for destiny is determined from the results of exertion. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-016 विपन्ने च समारम्भे संतापं मा स्म वै कृथाः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-016 विपन्ने च समारम्भे संतापं मा स्म वै कृथाः |
M. N. Dutt: Do not be sorry if what is undertaken ends disastrously, for you should then exert yourself in the same work with redoubled attention. This is the highest of royal duties. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-017 न हि सत्यादृते किंचिद्राज्ञां वै सिद्धिकारणम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-017 न हि सत्यादृते किंचिद् राज्ञां वै सिद्धिकारकम् |
M. N. Dutt: There is nothing which leads so much to the success of kings as Truth. The king who is devoted to Truth enjoys happiness both here and hereafter. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-018 ऋषीणामपि राजेन्द्र सत्यमेव परं धनम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-018 ऋषीणामपि राजेन्द्र सत्यमेव परं धनम् |
M. N. Dutt: Even to the Rishis, O king, Truth, is the greatest wealth. Likewise for the kings, there is nothing that so much creates confidence in them as Truth. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-019 गुणवाञ्शीलवान्दान्तो मृदुर्धर्म्यो जितेन्द्रियः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-019 गुणवाशीलवान् दान्तो मृदुर्धर्यो जितेन्द्रियः |
M. N. Dutt: The king who is endued with all accomplishments and good conduct, who is self-controlled, Humble, and righteous, who has his passions under control, who is of a beautiful countenance and not too enquiring, never loses prosperity. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-020 आर्जवं सर्वकार्येषु श्रयेथाः कुरुनन्दन |
MN DUTT: 07-056-020 आर्जवं सर्वकार्येषु श्रयेथाः कुरुनन्दन |
M. N. Dutt: By administering justice, by following these three expedients, viz., concealment of his own shortcomings, ascertainment of the loop-holes of foes, and keeping is own counsel close, as also by acting straight-forwardly, the king, O delighter of the Kurus, acquires prosperity. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-021 मृदुर्हि राजा सततं लङ्घ्यो भवति सर्वशः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-021 मृदुर्हि राजा सततं लङ्घयो भवति सर्वशः |
M. N. Dutt: If the king becomes mild, everybody disobey him. On the other hand, if he becomes fierce his subjects always fear him. Therefore, do you conduct yourself in both the ways. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-022 अदण्ड्याश्चैव ते नित्यं विप्राः स्युर्ददतां वर |
MN DUTT: 07-056-022 अदण्ड्याश्चैव ते पुत्र विप्राश्च ददतां वर |
M. N. Dutt: O foremost of liberal men, the Brahmanas should never be punished by you, for the Brahmana, O son of Pandu, is the foremost of human beings on the Earth. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-023 मनुना चापि राजेन्द्र गीतौ श्लोकौ महात्मना BORI CE: 12-056-024 अद्भ्योऽग्निर्ब्रह्मतः क्षत्रमश्मनो लोहमुत्थितम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-023 मनुना चैव राजेन्द्र गीतौ श्लोकौ महात्मना |
M. N. Dutt: The great Manu, O king of kings, has written two Slokas. As regards your duties, O you of Kuru's race, you should always remember them. Fire has originated from water, the Kshatriya from the Brahmana, and iron from stone. The three, viz., fire, Kshatriya, and iron, can act on every other thing, but coming into contact with their respective origins, their force becomes neutralised. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-025 अयो हन्ति यदाश्मानमग्निश्चापोऽभिपद्यते BORI CE: 12-056-026 एतज्ज्ञात्वा महाराज नमस्या एव ते द्विजाः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-024 अयो हन्ति यदाश्मानमग्निना वारि हन्यते |
M. N. Dutt: When iron strikes stone, or fire fights with water, or Kshatriya treats a Brahmana inimically, these three soon become weak. When this is so, O king, (you will see that) the Brahmanas deserve to be worshipped. The foremost of the Brahmanas are gods on Earth. Duly adored they maintain the Vedas and the Sacrifices. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-027 एवं चैव नरव्याघ्र लोकतन्त्रविघातकाः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-025 एवं चैव नरव्याघ्र लोकत्रयविधातकाः |
M. N. Dutt: But they, O foremost of kings, who wish to have such honour, though they may be obstacles to the three worlds, should always be repressed by the strength of your arms. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-028 श्लोकौ चोशनसा गीतौ पुरा तात महर्षिणा |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-029 उद्यम्य शस्त्रमायान्तमपि वेदान्तगं रणे |
MN DUTT: 07-056-026 श्लोकौ चोशनसा गीतौ तौ निबोध महाराज त्वमेकाग्रमना नृप |
M. N. Dutt: The great Rishi Ushanas, O son, recited two Slokas in days of yore. Listen to them, O king, with rapt attention. The true Kshatriya, ever observant of his duties, should punish a Brahmana, inspite of his being the master of the Vedas if he rushes to battle with an uplifted weapon. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-030 विनश्यमानं धर्मं हि यो रक्षति स धर्मवित् BORI CE: 12-056-031 एवं चैव नरश्रेष्ठ रक्ष्या एव द्विजातयः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-027 विनश्यमानं धर्मं हि योऽभिरक्षेत् स धर्मवित् |
M. N. Dutt: The Kshatriya, observant of his duties, who maintains righteousness when it is trespassed against, does not by that act, commit sin, for the anger of the assailant justifies the anger of the punisher. With these restrictions only, O foremost of kings, the Brahmanas should be protected. If they commit any offence they should be banished out of the country. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-032 अभिशस्तमपि ह्येषां कृपायीत विशां पते BORI CE: 12-056-033 राजद्विष्टे च विप्रस्य विषयान्ते विसर्जनम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-028 अभिशस्तमपि ह्येषां कृपायीत विशाम्पते |
M. N. Dutt: Even when they deserve punishment you should, O king, show them mercy. If a Brahmana becomes guilty of Brahmanicide, or of violating the bed of his preceptor or other elders, or of causing miscarriage, or of treason against the king, he should be punished with banishment from your territories. No corporal punishment is laid down for them. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-034 दयिताश्च नरास्ते स्युर्नित्यं पुरुषसत्तम |
MN DUTT: 07-056-029 दयिताश्च नरास्ते स्युभक्तिमन्तो द्विजेषु ये |
M. N. Dutt: Those persons who revere the Brahmanas should be favoured by you. There is no wealth more valuable to kings than the proper selection of servants. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-035 दुर्गेषु च महाराज षट्सु ये शास्त्रनिश्चिताः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-030 दुर्गेषु च महाराज षट्स ये शास्त्रनिश्चिताः |
M. N. Dutt: Among the six kinds of forts described in the scriptures, among every kind of other forts the service and the love of the subjects is of the most impregnable. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-036 तस्मान्नित्यं दया कार्या चातुर्वर्ण्ये विपश्चिता |
MN DUTT: 07-056-031 तस्मान्नित्यं दया कार्या चातुर्वर्ये विपश्चिता |
M. N. Dutt: Therefore, a wise king should always show mercy towards the four orders of his subjects. The righteous and truthful king succeeds in pleasing his subjects. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-037 न च क्षान्तेन ते भाव्यं नित्यं पुरुषसत्तम |
MN DUTT: 07-056-032 न च क्षान्तेन ते नित्यं भाव्यं पुत्र समन्ततः |
M. N. Dutt: You should not, however, O son, always forgive everybody, for a mild king is regarded as the worst like an elephant shorn of fierceness. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-038 बार्हस्पत्ये च शास्त्रे वै श्लोका विनियताः पुरा |
MN DUTT: 07-056-033 बार्हस्पत्ये च शास्त्रे च श्लोको निगदितः पुरा |
M. N. Dutt: In the Samhita of Brihaspati, a Sloka was recited in days of yore applicable to the present subject. Hear, O king, I shall recite it. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-039 क्षममाणं नृपं नित्यं नीचः परिभवेज्जनः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-034 क्षममाणं नृपं नित्यं नीचः परिभवेज्जनः |
M. N. Dutt: If the king becomes always forgiving, the lowest of persons influences him, as the driver who sits on the head of the elephant he guides. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-040 तस्मान्नैव मृदुर्नित्यं तीक्ष्णो वापि भवेन्नृपः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-035 तस्मान्नैव मृदुर्नित्यं तीक्ष्णो नैव भवेन्नृपः |
M. N. Dutt: The king, therefore, should not always be mild. Nor should be always be terrific. He should be like the vernal sun, neither too cold nor too hot. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-041 प्रत्यक्षेणानुमानेन तथौपम्योपदेशतः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-036 प्रत्यक्षेणानुमानेन तथौपम्यागमैरपि |
M. N. Dutt: By the direct evidence of the senses, by conjecture, by comparisons, and by the injunctions of the scriptures, O monarch, the king should study friends and enemies. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-042 व्यसनानि च सर्वाणि त्यजेथा भूरिदक्षिण |
MN DUTT: 07-056-037 व्यसनानि च सर्वाणि त्यजेथा भूरिदक्षिण |
M. N. Dutt: O noble king, you should renounce all those evil practices which are called Vyasanas. It is not incumbent that you should never indulge in them. What, however, is necessary is that you should not be attached to them. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-043 नित्यं हि व्यसनी लोके परिभूतो भवत्युत |
MN DUTT: 07-056-038 लोकस्य व्यसनी नित्यं परिभूतो भवत्युत |
M. N. Dutt: He that is attached to those practices is under the influence of every one. The king who does not love his subjects fills the latter with anxiety. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-044 भवितव्यं सदा राज्ञा गर्भिणीसहधर्मिणा |
MN DUTT: 07-056-039 भवितव्यं सदा राज्ञा गर्भिणीसहधर्मिणा |
M. N. Dutt: The king should always treat his subjects as a mother does the child of her womb. Hear, O king, why this is desirable. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-045 यथा हि गर्भिणी हित्वा स्वं प्रियं मनसोऽनुगम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-040 यथा हि गर्भिणी हित्वा स्वं प्रियं मनसोऽनुगम् |
M. N. Dutt: As the mother, even not caring for those objects which she likes best, seeks the wellbeing of her child alone, so, forsooth, should kings treat their subjects. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-046 वर्तितव्यं कुरुश्रेष्ठ नित्यं धर्मानुवर्तिना |
MN DUTT: 07-056-041 वर्तितव्यं कुरुश्रेष्ठ सदा धर्मानुवर्तिना |
M. N. Dutt: A righteous king, O foremost one of Kuru's race, should always act in such a manner, as to sacrifice what he loves most for the sake of securing the well-being of his people. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-047 न संत्याज्यं च ते धैर्यं कदाचिदपि पाण्डव |
MN DUTT: 07-056-042 न संत्याज्यं च ते धैर्य कदाचिदपि पाण्डव |
M. N. Dutt: You should never, O son of Pandu, abandon fortitude. The king who is crowned with fortitude and who punished wrong-doers, has no cause of fear. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-048 परिहासश्च भृत्यैस्ते न नित्यं वदतां वर |
MN DUTT: 07-056-043 परिहासश्च भृत्यैस्ते नात्यर्थं वदतां वर |
M. N. Dutt: O foremost of speakers, you should never cut jokes with your servants. O foremost of kings, listen to the short-comings of such an act. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-049 अवमन्यन्ति भर्तारं संहर्षादुपजीविनः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-044 अवमन्यन्ति भर्तारं संघर्षादुपजीविनः |
M. N. Dutt: If the master mixes too freely with them, servants begin to disregard him. They forget their own position and do not care their master. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-050 प्रेष्यमाणा विकल्पन्ते गुह्यं चाप्यनुयुञ्जते |
MN DUTT: 07-056-045 प्रेष्यमाणा विकल्पन्ते गुह्यं चाप्यनुयुञ्जते |
M. N. Dutt: Ordered to do a thing, they hesitate, and give out the master's secrets. They ask for unbecoming things and take the food that is intended for the master. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-051 क्रुध्यन्ति परिदीप्यन्ति भूमिमध्यासतेऽस्य च |
MN DUTT: 07-056-046 क्रुश्यन्ति परिदीप्यन्ति भूमिपायाधितिष्ठते |
M. N. Dutt: They even display their anger and try to excel their master. They even try to reign supreme over the king, and taking bribes and practising deceit, hinder the business of the state. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-052 जर्जरं चास्य विषयं कुर्वन्ति प्रतिरूपकैः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-047 जर्जरं चास्य विषयं कुर्वन्ति प्रतिरूपकैः |
M. N. Dutt: They ruin the state with abuses by falsifications and forgeries. They make love with the female warders of the palace and dress in the same way as their master. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-053 वातं च ष्ठीवनं चैव कुर्वते चास्य संनिधौ |
MN DUTT: 07-056-048 वान्तं निष्ठीवनं चैव कुर्वते चास्य संनिधौ |
M. N. Dutt: They become so shameless as to pass wind and spit before the very eyes of their master, O foremost of kings, and they do not fear even to speak of him lightly before others. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-054 हयं वा दन्तिनं वापि रथं नृपतिसंमतम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-049 हयं वा दन्तिनं वापि रथं वा नृपसत्तम |
M. N. Dutt: If the king becomes mild and cuts jokes, his servants, disobeying him, ride on horses and elephants and cars as good as the king's. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-055 इदं ते दुष्करं राजन्निदं ते दुर्विचेष्टितम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-050 इदं ते दुष्करं राजन्निदं ते दुष्टचेष्टितम् |
M. N. Dutt: His counsellors, in court, plainly say-This is beyond your power. This is a wicked attempt. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-056 क्रुद्धे चास्मिन्हसन्त्येव न च हृष्यन्ति पूजिताः |
MN DUTT: 07-056-051 क्रुद्धे चास्मिन् हसन्त्येव न च हृष्यन्ति पूजिताः |
M. N. Dutt: If the king becomes angry, they laugh; nor are they pleased if favours be conferred upon them, though they may express joy for other reasons. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-057 विस्रंसयन्ति मन्त्रं च विवृण्वन्ति च दुष्कृतम् |
MN DUTT: 07-056-052 विस्त्रंसयन्ति मन्त्रं च विवृण्वन्ति च दुष्कृतम् |
M. N. Dutt: They give out the secret counsels of their master and speak of his evil deeds. Without the least anxiety they disregard the king's commands. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-056-053 अलंकारे च भोज्ये च तथा स्नानानुलेपने |
M. N. Dutt: If the king's jewels, or food, or the necessaries of his bath, or unguents, be not ready, the servants, in his very presence, do not display the least anxiety. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-058 हेलमाना नरव्याघ्र स्वस्थास्तस्योपशृण्वते |
MN DUTT: 07-056-053 अलंकारे च भोज्ये च तथा स्नानानुलेपने MN DUTT: 07-056-054 निन्दन्ते स्वानधीकारान् संत्यजन्ते च भारत |
M. N. Dutt: If the king's jewels, or food, or the necessaries of his bath, or unguents, be not ready, the servants, in his very presence, do not display the least anxiety. They do not take what belongs to them legitimately. On the other hand, without being content with what has been given to them, they take to themselves what belongs to the king. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-059 न वृत्त्या परितुष्यन्ति राजदेयं हरन्ति च |
MN DUTT: 07-056-055 क्रीडितुं तेन चेच्छन्ति ससूत्रेणेव पक्षिणा |
M. N. Dutt: They wish to sport with the king as with a bird tied in a rope, and always make the people understand that the king is on very intimate terms with them and loves them dearly. |
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BORI CE: 12-056-060 एते चैवापरे चैव दोषाः प्रादुर्भवन्त्युत |
MN DUTT: 07-056-056 एते चैवापरे चैव दोषाः प्रादुर्भवन्त्युत |
M. N. Dutt: If the king is mild and disposed to cut jokes. O Yudhishthira, these and many other evils originate from it. They wish to sport with the king as with a bird tied in a rope, and always make the people understand that the king is on very intimate terms with them and loves them dearly. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-056-057 एते चैवापरे चैव दोषाः प्रादुर्भवन्त्युत |
M. N. Dutt: If the king is mild and disposed to cut jokes. O Yudhishthira, these and many other evils originate from it. |
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