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Book 12 – Chapter 060
BORI CE: 12-060-001 वैशंपायन उवाच BORI CE: 12-060-002 के धर्माः सर्ववर्णानां चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य के पृथक् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-001 वैशम्पायन उवाच ततः पुनः स गाङ्गेयमभिवाद्य पितामहम् |
M. N. Dutt: Vaishampayana said After this Yudhishthira, saluted his grand father, the son of Ganga, and with joined hands and rapt attention, once more asked him, saying,-'What are the general duties of the four castes and what the especial duties of each. What mode of life should be adopted by which order and what duties are especially designated as the duties of kings. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-003 केन स्विद्वर्धते राष्ट्रं राजा केन विवर्धते |
MN DUTT: 07-060-002 केन वै वर्धते राष्ट्र राजा केन विवर्धते |
M. N. Dutt: By what means does a kingdom prosper and what are the means by which the king himself prospers? How also, O foremost of Bharata's race, do the citizens and the servants of the king prosper? |
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BORI CE: 12-060-004 कोशं दण्डं च दुर्गं च सहायान्मन्त्रिणस्तथा |
MN DUTT: 07-060-003 कोशं दण्डं च दुर्गं च सहायान मन्त्रिणस्तथा |
M. N. Dutt: What sorts of wealth, punishments, forts, allies, counsellors, priests and preceptors, should a king avoid? |
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BORI CE: 12-060-005 केषु विश्वसितव्यं स्याद्राज्ञां कस्यांचिदापदि |
MN DUTT: 07-060-004 केषु विश्वसितव्यं स्याद् राज्ञा कस्याञ्चिदापदि |
M. N. Dutt: Whom should the king trust in what sorts of distress and danger? What evils should the king avoid? Tell me all this, O grandfather. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-006 भीष्म उवाच |
MN DUTT: 07-060-005 भीष्म उवाच नमो धर्माय महते नमः कृष्णाय वेधसे |
M. N. Dutt: Bhishma said I salute Dharma who is great and Krishna who is Brahma. Having saluted also the Brahmanas (assembled here) I shall describe the eternal duties. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-007 अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा |
MN DUTT: 07-060-006 अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा |
M. N. Dutt: The control of anger, truthfulness of speech, justice, forgiveness, begetting children upon one's own married wives, purity of conduct, avoidance of quarrel, simplicity, and maintenance of dependents,—these are the nine duties which all the four orders should follow. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-008 आर्जवं भृत्यभरणं नवैते सार्ववर्णिकाः |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-009 दममेव महाराज धर्ममाहुः पुरातनम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-007 ब्राह्मणस्य तु यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि केवलम् |
M. N. Dutt: I shall now describe the duties which the Brahmanas should exclusively follow. Selfcontrol, o king, has been declared to be the first duty of Brahmanas. Study of the Vedas, and patient practice of austerities, (are also their other duties). By practising these two, all their acts are done. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-010 तं चेद्वित्तमुपागच्छेद्वर्तमानं स्वकर्मणि BORI CE: 12-060-011 कुर्वीतापत्यसंतानमथो दद्याद्यजेत च |
MN DUTT: 07-060-008 तं चेद् द्विजमुपागच्छेद् वर्तमानं स्वकर्मणि |
M. N. Dutt: If while engaged in the observance of his own duties, without doing any unfair act, riches comes to a peaceful Brahmana endued with knowledge, he should then marry and seek to beget children, and should also practise charity and celebrate sacrifices. It has been declared by the wise that wealth thus acquired should be enjoyed by distributing it among worthy persons and relatives. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-012 परिनिष्ठितकार्यस्तु स्वाध्यायेनैव ब्राह्मणः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-009 परिनिष्ठितकार्यस्तु स्वाध्यायेनैव ब्राह्मणः |
M. N. Dutt: By his study of the Vedas all the pious acts are done. Whether he does or does not acquire anything else, if he only studies the Vedas, he becomes known as a Brahmana or the friend of all creatures. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-013 क्षत्रियस्यापि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत |
MN DUTT: 07-060-010 क्षत्रियस्यापि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत |
M. N. Dutt: I shall also tell you, O Bharata, what the duties of a Kshatriya are. A Kshatriya, O king, should give but not beg, should himself celebrate sacrifices but not officiate as a priest in the sacrifices of others. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-014 नाध्यापयेदधीयीत प्रजाश्च परिपालयेत् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-011 नाध्यापयेदधीयीत प्रजाश्च परिपालयेत् |
M. N. Dutt: He should never teach the Veda but study the same with a Brahmana teacher. He should protect the people. Always trying his best for the destruction of robbers and wicked people, he should display his prowess in battle. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-015 ये च क्रतुभिरीजानाः श्रुतवन्तश्च भूमिपाः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-012 ये तु ऋतुभिरीजानाः श्रुतवन्तश्च भूमिपाः |
M. N. Dutt: Those among Kshatriya kings who celebrate great sacrifices, who have a knowledge of the Vedas and who gain victories in battle, become foremost of those who acquire many blessed regions hereafter by their merit. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-016 अविक्षतेन देहेन समराद्यो निवर्तते |
MN DUTT: 07-060-013 अविक्षतेन देहेन सपराद् यो निवर्तते |
M. N. Dutt: Persons well read in the scriptures do not speak highly of a Kshatriya who returns unscathed from battle. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-017 वधं हि क्षत्रबन्धूनां धर्ममाहुः प्रधानतः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-014 एवं हि क्षत्रबन्धूनां मार्गमाहुः प्रधानतः |
M. N. Dutt: This is the conduct of a wretched Kshatriya. There is no greater duty for him than the suppression of robbers. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-018 दानमध्ययनं यज्ञो योगः क्षेमो विधीयते |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-060-015 एवं हि क्षत्रबन्धूनां मार्गमाहुः प्रधानतः |
M. N. Dutt: Gifts, study, and sacrifices, yield prosperity to kings. Therefore, a king who desires to obtain religious merit should engage in battle. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-019 स्वेषु धर्मेष्ववस्थाप्य प्रजाः सर्वा महीपतिः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-016 स्वेषु धर्मेष्ववस्थाप्य प्रजाः सर्वा महीपतिः |
M. N. Dutt: Compelling all his subjects to follow their respective duties, a king should make all of them do everything according to the dictates of righteousness. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-020 परिनिष्ठितकार्यः स्यान्नृपतिः परिपालनात् |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-060-017 दानमध्ययनं यज्ञो राज्ञां क्षेमो विधीयते |
M. N. Dutt: Whether he does or does not do anything else, if only he protects his subjects, he is considered to accomplish all religious acts and is called a Kshatriya and the foremost of men, |
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BORI CE: 12-060-021 वैश्यस्यापीह यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत |
MN DUTT: 07-060-018 वैश्यस्यापि हि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि शाश्वतम् |
M. N. Dutt: I shall now tell you, O Yudhishthira, what the eternal duties of the Vaishyas are.-A Vaishya should make gifts, study the Vedas, celebrate sacrifices, and acquire wealth by fair means. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-060-019 तद् भवेदन्यत् कर्म पितृवत् पालयेद् वैश्यो युक्तः सर्वान् पशूनिह |
M. N. Dutt: With proper care he should also take care of and rear up all domestic animals as a father looking after his sons. Anything else that he will do, will be considered as improper for him. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-022 पितृवत्पालयेद्वैश्यो युक्तः सर्वपशूनिह BORI CE: 12-060-023 प्रजापतिर्हि वैश्याय सृष्ट्वा परिददे पशून् BORI CE: 12-060-024 तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि यच्च तस्योपजीवनम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-019 तद् भवेदन्यत् कर्म पितृवत् पालयेद् वैश्यो युक्तः सर्वान् पशूनिह MN DUTT: 07-060-020 रक्षया स हि तेषां वै महत् सुखमवाप्नुयात् MN DUTT: 07-060-021 ब्राह्मणाय च राज्ञे च सर्वाः परिददे प्रजाः MN DUTT: 07-060-022 षण्णामेकां पिबेद् धेनुं शताच्च मिथुनं हरेत् |
M. N. Dutt: With proper care he should also take care of and rear up all domestic animals as a father looking after his sons. Anything else that he will do, will be considered as improper for him. By looking after the (domestic) animals he would secure great happiness. Having created the (domestic) animals, the Creator, assigned their care to the Vaishyas. To the Brahmana and the Kshatriya he assigned (the protection of) all creatures. I shall tell you what the Vaishya's profession is and how he is to earn the means of his maintenance. If he keeps (for others) six kine, he may take the milk of one cow as his own remuneration; and if he keeps (for others) a hundred kine, he may take a pair as his remuneration. If he trades with other's money, he may take a seventh part of the profits, as his share. A seventh part of the profits arising from the trade in horns is also his, but he should take a sixteenth if the trade is in hoofs. If he makes cultivation with seeds given by others, he may take a seventh part of the produce. This should be his annual remuneration. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-025 लये च सप्तमो भागस्तथा शृङ्गे कला खुरे |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-026 न च वैश्यस्य कामः स्यान्न रक्षेयं पशूनिति |
MN DUTT: 07-060-023 न च वैश्यस्य कामः स्यान्न रक्षेयं पशूनिति |
M. N. Dutt: A Vaishya should never wish that he should not tend cattle. If a Vaishya desires to tend cattle no one else should undertake that task. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-027 शूद्रस्यापि हि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत |
MN DUTT: 07-060-024 शूद्रस्यापि हि यो धर्मस्तं ते वक्ष्यामि भारत |
M. N. Dutt: I should tell you, O Bharata, what the duties of a Shudra are. The Creator intended the Shudra as the servant of the other three castes. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-028 तस्माच्छूद्रस्य वर्णानां परिचर्या विधीयते |
MN DUTT: 07-060-025 तस्माच्छूद्रस्य वर्णानां परिचर्या विधीयते |
M. N. Dutt: Therefore, the service of the three other classes is the duty of the Shudra. By thus serving the other three, a Shudra may acquire great happiness. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-029 शूद्र एतान्परिचरेत्त्रीन्वर्णाननसूयकः BORI CE: 12-060-030 पापीयान्हि धनं लब्ध्वा वशे कुर्याद्गरीयसः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-026 शूद्र एतान् परिचरेत् त्रीन् वर्णाननुपूर्वशः |
M. N. Dutt: He should serve the three other classes according to their order of seniority. A Shudra should never amass riches, lest by them, he makes the members of the three superior orders obedient to him. By this he would incur sin. With the king's permission, however, a Shudra, for religious observances, may acquire wealth. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-031 तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि यच्च तस्योपजीवनम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-027 तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि यच्च तस्योपजीवनम् |
M. N. Dutt: I shall now describe the profession, he should pursue and the means by which he may earn his subsistence. It is said that the Shudras should be maintained by the three other castes. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-032 छत्रं वेष्टनमौशीरमुपानद्व्यजनानि च |
MN DUTT: 07-060-028 छत्रं वेष्टनमौशीरमुपानद् व्यजनानि च |
M. N. Dutt: Used umbrellas, hed-gears, beds, seats, shoes and fans, should be given to the Shudra servants. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-033 अधार्याणि विशीर्णानि वसनानि द्विजातिभिः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-029 अधार्याणि विशीर्णानि वसनानि द्विजातिभिः |
M. N. Dutt: Torn clothes, which are no longer fit for wear, should be given by the upper three castes to the Shudra. These are the latter's rightful acquisitions. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-034 यश्च कश्चिद्द्विजातीनां शूद्रः शुश्रूषुराव्रजेत् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-030 यं च कञ्चिद् द्विजातीनां शूद्रः शुश्रूषुराव्रजेत् |
M. N. Dutt: Men, well read in the science of duties, hold that if the Shudra approaches anyone belonging to the three twice-born orders for doing menial service, the latter should give him proper work. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-060-031 देयः पिण्डोऽनपत्याय भर्तव्यौ वृद्धदुर्बलौ |
M. N. Dutt: The master should offer the funeral cake to the sonless Shudra servant. The weak and the old amongst them should be maintained. The Shudra should never leave his master whatever may be the miseries he may suffer from. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-035 शूद्रेण च न हातव्यो भर्ता कस्यांचिदापदि |
MN DUTT: 07-060-032 अतिरेकेण भर्तव्यो भर्ता द्रव्यपरिक्षये |
M. N. Dutt: If the master loses his wealth, he should with greatest care be maintained by the Shudra servant. A Shudra cannot enjoy wealth even if it be his own. Whatever he possesses belongs lawfully to his master. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-036 उक्तस्त्रयाणां वर्णानां यज्ञस्त्रय्यैव भारत |
MN DUTT: 07-060-033 उक्तस्त्रयाणां वर्णानां यज्ञस्तस्य च भारत |
M. N. Dutt: Sacrifice has been laid down as a duty of the three other castes, it has been laid down for the Shudra also, O Bharata, but he is not competent to utter svaha and svadha or any other Vedic mantra. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-037 ताभ्यां शूद्रः पाकयज्ञैर्यजेत व्रतवान्स्वयम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-034 तस्माच्छूद्रः पाकयज्ञैर्यजेताव्रतवान् स्वयम् |
M. N. Dutt: Therefore the Shudra, without observing the vows laid down in the Vedas, should adore the gods in minor sacrifices, called Pakayajnas. The gift called Purnapatra is known as the Dakshina of such sacrifices, |
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BORI CE: 12-060-038 शूद्रः पैजवनो नाम सहस्राणां शतं ददौ |
MN DUTT: 07-060-035 शूद्रः पैजवनो नाम सहस्राणां शतं ददौ |
M. N. Dutt: We have heard that in days of yore a Shudra of the name of Paijavana gave Dakshina (in one of his sacrifices) consisting of a hundred thousand Purnapatras, according to the ordinance called Aindragni, (i.e., a hundred thousand animals). |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-060-036 यतो हि सर्ववर्णानां यज्ञस्तस्यैव भारत |
M. N. Dutt: Sacrifice, O Bharata, has been as much sanctioned for the Shudra as for the three other orders. Of all sacrifices, devotion has been laid down to be the foremost. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-039 अतो हि सर्ववर्णानां श्रद्धायज्ञो विधीयते BORI CE: 12-060-040 दैवतं परमं विप्राः स्वेन स्वेन परस्परम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-036 यतो हि सर्ववर्णानां यज्ञस्तस्यैव भारत MN DUTT: 07-060-037 दैवतं हि महच्छ्रद्धा पवित्रं यजतां च यत् MN DUTT: 07-060-038 अयजनिह सत्रैस्ते तैस्तैः कामैः समाहिताः |
M. N. Dutt: Sacrifice, O Bharata, has been as much sanctioned for the Shudra as for the three other orders. Of all sacrifices, devotion has been laid down to be the foremost. Devotion is a great god. It purifies all sacrificers. Then again Brahmanas are foremost of gods to their respective Shudra servants. They adore the gods in sacrifices, for obtaining the fruits of various wishes. The members of the three other orders have all originated from the Brahmanas. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-041 संसृष्टा ब्राह्मणैरेव त्रिषु वर्णेषु सृष्टयः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-039 देवानामपि ये देवा यद् ब्रूयस्ते परं हितम् |
M. N. Dutt: The Brahmanas are the gods of the very gods. Whatever they would say would be for your great good. Therefore all kinds of sacrifices naturally belong to all the four orders. The celebration of these sacrifices is obligatory and not optional. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-042 ऋग्यजुःसामवित्पूज्यो नित्यं स्याद्देववद्द्विजः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-040 ऋग्जयुः सामवित् पूज्यो नित्यं स्याद् देववद् द्विजः |
M. N. Dutt: The Brahmana, who is conversant with Richs, Yajus, and Samans, should always be adored as a god. The Shudra, who is without Richs and Yajus and Samans, has Prajapati for his god. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-043 यज्ञो मनीषया तात सर्ववर्णेषु भारत |
MN DUTT: 07-060-041 यज्ञो मनीषया तात सर्ववर्णेषु भारत |
M. N. Dutt: Mental sacrifice, O sire, is sanctioned for all the orders, O Bharata. It is not true that the gods and other persons do not express a desire to share the offerings in such sacrifices ofs even the Shudra. For this reason, the sacrifice of devotion is laid down for all the castes. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-044 स्वं दैवतं ब्राह्मणाः स्वेन नित्यं; परान्वर्णानयजन्नेवमासीत् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-042 स्वं दैवतं ब्राह्मणः स्वेन नित्यं परान्वर्णानयजन्नैवमासीत् |
M. N. Dutt: The Brahmana is the foremost of gods. It is not true that they that belong to that order do not celebrate the sacrifices of the other orders. The fire called Vitana, though procured from Vaishyas and inspired with mantras, is stili inferior. The Brahmana can celebrate the sacrifices of the three other castes. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-045 तस्माद्वर्णा ऋजवो जातिधर्माः; संसृज्यन्ते तस्य विपाक एषः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-043 तस्माद्वर्णा ऋजवो ज्ञातिवर्णाः संसृज्यन्ते तस्य विकार एव |
M. N. Dutt: Therefore, all the four castes are holy. All the castes are allied to one another by blood through the intermediate classes. They have all originated from Brahmanas. In ascertaining (the priority of origin) it will be seen that amongst all the cases the Brahmana was created first. Originally Saman was one; Yajus was one, and Rich was one. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-046 अत्र गाथा यज्ञगीताः कीर्तयन्ति पुराविदः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-044 अत्र गाथा यज्ञगीताः कीर्तयन्ति पुराविदः |
M. N. Dutt: Regarding it, persons, conversant with ancient histories, cite a verse, O king, sung in praise of sacrifice by the Vaikhanasa Munis on the occasion of performing a sacrifice of theirs. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-047 उदितेऽनुदिते वापि श्रद्दधानो जितेन्द्रियः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-045 उदितेऽनुदिते वापि श्रद्दधानो जितेन्द्रियः |
M. N. Dutt: Before or after sun rise, a person of controlled senses, with heart filled with devotion poured libations on the (sacrificial) fire according to the Vedic prescription. Devotion is a powerful agent. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-048 यत्स्कन्नमस्य तत्पूर्वं यदस्कन्नं तदुत्तरम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-046 यत् स्कन्नमस्य तत् पूर्वं यदस्कन्नं तदुत्तरम् |
M. N. Dutt: Respecting homas again, that variety which is called skanna is the first one, while that which is called askanna is the last though the most important. Sacrifices are many, their rites and fruits again are many. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-049 तानि यः संविजानाति ज्ञाननिश्चयनिश्चितः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-047 तानि यः सम्प्रजानाति ज्ञाननिश्चयनिश्चितः |
M. N. Dutt: That Brahmana, possessed of devotion who, gifted with scriptural learning, knows all the rites, is competent to celebrate sacrifices. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-050 स्तेनो वा यदि वा पापो यदि वा पापकृत्तमः |
MN DUTT: 07-060-048 स्तेनो वा यदि वा पापो यदि वा पापकृत्तमः |
M. N. Dutt: That person who desires to celebrate a sacrifice is regarded as righteous even if he happens to be a thief, a sinner or the worst of sinners. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-051 ऋषयस्तं प्रशंसन्ति साधु चैतदसंशयम् |
MN DUTT: 07-060-049 ऋषयस्तं प्रशंसन्ति साधु चैतदसंशयम् |
M. N. Dutt: The Rishis speak highly of such a man. Forsooth they are right. This then is the conclusion that all the castes should always and by every means in their power celebrate sacrifices. |
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BORI CE: 12-060-052 तस्माद्यष्टव्यमित्याहुः पुरुषेणानसूयता |
MN DUTT: 07-060-050 न हि यज्ञसमं किञ्चित् त्रिषु लोकेषु विद्यते |
M. N. Dutt: There is nothing in the three worlds equal to sacrifice. Therefore, it has been said that every one,-with heart shorn of malice, should celebrate sacrifices, helped by devotion which is sacred to the best of his ability and as he pleases. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-060-051 न हि यज्ञसमं किञ्चित् त्रिषु लोकेषु विद्यते |
M. N. Dutt: There is nothing in the three worlds equal to sacrifice. Therefore, it has been said that every one,-with heart shorn of malice, should celebrate sacrifices, helped by devotion which is sacred to the best of his ability and as he pleases. |
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