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Book 12 – Chapter 121
BORI CE: 12-121-001 युधिष्ठिर उवाच |
MN DUTT: 07-121-001 युधिष्ठिर उवाच अयं पितामहेनोक्तो राजधर्मः सनातनः |
M. N. Dutt: Yudhishthira said O grandfather, you have now finished your discourse upon the duties of kings. From what you have said it appears that punishment occupies a high position and is the master of everything, for everything depends upon punishment. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-002 देवतानामृषीणां च पितॄणां च महात्मनाम् BORI CE: 12-121-003 सर्वेषां प्राणिनां लोके तिर्यक्ष्वपि निवासिनाम् |
MN DUTT: 07-121-002 देवतानामृषीणां च पितृणां च महात्मनाम् |
M. N. Dutt: It seems, O powerful one, that punishment, which is highly powerful and which is present everywhere, is the foremost of all beings among either gods and Rishis and great Pitris and Yakshas and Rakshasa and Pishachas and Sadhyas, or living beings in this world. consisting of beasts and birds. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-004 इत्येतदुक्तं भवता सर्वं दण्ड्यं चराचरम् |
MN DUTT: 07-121-003 इत्येवमुक्तं भवता दण्डे वै सचराचरम् |
M. N. Dutt: You have said that the entire universe, mobile and immobile, including gods, Asuras, and men, depends upon punishment. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-005 एतदिच्छाम्यहं ज्ञातुं तत्त्वेन भरतर्षभ |
MN DUTT: 07-121-004 एतदिच्छाम्यहं ज्ञातुं तत्त्वेन भरतर्षभ |
M. N. Dutt: I now wish, O foremost of Bharata's race, to know truly who punishment is. Of what kind is he? What is his form? What is his nature? |
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BORI CE: 12-121-006 किमात्मकः कथंभूतः कतिमूर्तिः कथंप्रभुः |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
Corresponding verse not found in M. N. Dutt's version. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-121-005 जागर्ति च कथं दण्डः प्रजास्ववहितात्मकः |
M. N. Dutt: Of what is he made? Whence is his origin? What are his features? What is his splendour? How does he remain awake among living creatures so vigilantly? |
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BORI CE: 12-121-007 कश्च पूर्वापरमिदं जागर्ति परिपालयन् |
MN DUTT: 07-121-006 कश्च विज्ञायते पूर्व को वरो दण्डसंज्ञितः |
M. N. Dutt: Who is he that remains perpetually awake, protecting this universe? Who is he that is known to be the greatest of all things? Who, indeed, is that high person called punishment? What is that upon which Punishment depends? And what is his movement? |
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BORI CE: 12-121-008 भीष्म उवाच |
MN DUTT: 07-121-007 भीष्म उवाच शृणु कौरव्य यो दण्डो व्यवहारो यथा च सः |
M. N. Dutt: Bhishma said Listen, O scion of the Kurus, who is punishment and why is he also called Vyavahara. That upon whom all things depend is called punishment. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-009 धर्मस्याख्या महाराज व्यवहार इतीष्यते |
MN DUTT: 07-121-008 धर्मस्याख्या महाराज व्यवहार इतीष्यते |
M. N. Dutt: Punishment is that by which righteousness is maintained. He is sometimes called Vyavahara. Punishment is called as such so that the righteousness of a king who is wide awake may not suffer extinction. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-010 अपि चैतत्पुरा राजन्मनुना प्रोक्तमादितः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-009 इत्येवं व्यवहारस्य व्यवहारत्वमिष्यते |
M. N. Dutt: It is, therefore, that the name Vyavahara is applied to it. In days of yore, Manu, O king, declared first of all this truth, viz.,-He who protects all creatures, the loved and the hated equally, by impartially holding the rod of punishment, is said to be the righteousness incarnate. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-011 अथोक्तमेतद्वचनं प्रागेव मनुना पुरा |
MN DUTT: 07-121-010 यथोक्तमेतद् सचनं प्रागेव मनुना पुरा |
M. N. Dutt: These words, that I have said, were, o king, first uttered in days of yore by Manu. They represent the great words of Brahmana. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-012 प्रागिदं वचनं प्रोक्तमतः प्राग्वचनं विदुः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-011 प्रागिदं वचनं प्रोक्तमतः प्राग्वचनं विदुः |
M. N. Dutt: And because these words were spoken first, therefore, they are known as the first. And since Punishment which stops the misappropriation of other people's wealth, therefore, Punishment has come to be called by the name of Vyavahara. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-013 दण्डात्त्रिवर्गः सततं सुप्रणीतात्प्रवर्तते |
MN DUTT: 07-121-012 दण्डे त्रिवर्गः सततं सुप्रणीते प्रवर्तते |
M. N. Dutt: The aggregate of three objects always depends well-applied Punishment. Punishment is a great god. In form he looks like a burning fire. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-014 नीलोत्पलदलश्यामश्चतुर्दंष्ट्रश्चतुर्भुजः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-013 नीलोत्पलदलश्यामश्चतुर्दष्ट्रश्चतुर्भुजः |
M. N. Dutt: His complexion is dark like that of the petals of the blue lotus. He has four teeth, four arms and eight legs and many eyes. His ears are pointed like arrows and his hair stands upright. on |
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BORI CE: 12-121-015 जटी द्विजिह्वस्ताम्रास्यो मृगराजतनुच्छदः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-014 जटी द्विजिह्वस्ताम्रास्यो मृगराजतनुच्छदः |
M. N. Dutt: He has matted locks and two tongues. His face has the colour of copper, and he is clad in a lion's skin. That irresistible god assumes such a dreadful form. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-016 असिर्गदा धनुः शक्तिस्त्रिशूलं मुद्गरः शरः BORI CE: 12-121-017 सर्वप्रहरणीयानि सन्ति यानीह कानिचित् |
MN DUTT: 07-121-015 असिर्धनुर्गदा शक्तिस्त्रिशूलं मुद्गरः शरः |
M. N. Dutt: Assuming again the form of the sword, the bow, the mace, the dart, the trident, the mallet, the arrow, the thick and short club, the battleaxe, the discus, the noose, the heavy bludgeon, the rapier, the lance, and, in fact, of every sort of weapon that exist on Earth, Punishment moves in the world. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-018 भिन्दंश्छिन्दन्रुजन्कृन्तन्दारयन्पाटयंस्तथा |
MN DUTT: 07-121-016 भिन्दंश्छिन्दन् रुजन् कृन्तन् दारयन् पाटयंस्तथा |
M. N. Dutt: Indeed, Punishment moves on Earth, piercing and cutting and assenting and looping off and dividing and striking and killing and rushing against its victims. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-019 असिर्विशसनो धर्मस्तीक्ष्णवर्त्मा दुरासदः BORI CE: 12-121-020 शास्त्रं ब्राह्मणमन्त्रश्च शास्ता प्राग्वचनं गतः BORI CE: 12-121-021 असङ्गो रुद्रतनयो मनुज्येष्ठः शिवंकरः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-017 असिर्विशसनो धर्मस्तीक्ष्णवर्मा दुराधरः |
M. N. Dutt: These, O Yudhishthira, are some of the names of Punishment viz., sword, Sabre, Righteousness, Fury, the Irresistible, the father of prosperity, Victory, Punisher, Checker, the Eternal, the Scriptures, Brahmana, Mantra, Avenger, the Foremost of first Legislators, Judge, the Undecaying, god, the individual of irresistible course, the Ever-going, the Firstborn, the individual without love the Soul of Rudra, the eldest Manu, and the great Benefiter. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-022 दण्डो हि भगवान्विष्णुर्यज्ञो नारायणः प्रभुः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-018 दण्डो हि भगवान् विष्णुर्दण्डो नारायणः प्रभुः |
M. N. Dutt: Punishment is the holy Vishnu. He is the powerful Narayana. And because he always puts on dreadful from, therefore he is called Mahapurusha. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-023 यथोक्ता ब्रह्मकन्येति लक्ष्मीर्नीतिः सरस्वती |
MN DUTT: 07-121-019 तथोक्ता ब्रह्मकन्येति लक्ष्मीर्वृत्तिः सरस्वती |
M. N. Dutt: His wife Morality passes by the names of Brahman's daughter, Lakshmi, Vritti, Sarasvati, and Mother of the universe. Punishment has thus many forms. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-024 अर्थानर्थौ सुखं दुःखं धर्माधर्मौ बलाबले BORI CE: 12-121-025 कामाकामावृतुर्मासः शर्वरी दिवसः क्षणः BORI CE: 12-121-026 दैवं पुरुषकारश्च मोक्षामोक्षौ भयाभये BORI CE: 12-121-027 अन्तश्चादिश्च मध्यं च कृत्यानां च प्रपञ्चनम् BORI CE: 12-121-028 अशक्तिः शक्तिरित्येव मानस्तम्भौ व्ययाव्ययौ BORI CE: 12-121-029 अनृतं ज्ञाज्ञता सत्यं श्रद्धाश्रद्धे तथैव च BORI CE: 12-121-030 तीक्ष्णता मृदुता मृत्युरागमानागमौ तथा BORI CE: 12-121-031 असूया चानसूया च धर्माधर्मौ तथैव च BORI CE: 12-121-032 तेजः कर्मणि पाण्डित्यं वाक्शक्तिस्तत्त्वबुद्धिता |
MN DUTT: 07-121-020 अर्थानौँ सुखं दुःखं धर्माधर्मों बलाबले |
M. N. Dutt: Blessing and curse, pleasure and pain, righteousness and unrighteousness strength and weakness, fortune and misfortune, merit and demerit, virtue and fault, liking and disliking, season and month, night and day and hour, carefulness and carelessness, joy and anger, peace and self-control, destiny and manliness, salvation and damnation, fear and intrepidity, injury and abstention from injury, penances and sacrifice and rigid abstinence, poison and wholesome food, the beginning, the middle, and the end, the result of all murderous acts, insolence, insanity, arrogance, pride, patience, policy, impolicy, powerlessness and power, respect, disrespect decay and firmness, humility, tharity, fitness of time and unfitness of time, falsehood, wisdom, truth, belief, disbelief, importance, trade, profit, loss, success, defeat, fierceness, mildness, death, acquisition and non-acquisition, agreement, and disagreement, what would be done and what should not be done, strength and weakness, malice and good will, righteousness and unrighteousness, shame and shamelessness, modesty, prosperity, and adversity, energy, acts, learning, eloquence, keenness of understanding,—all these, O Yudhishthira, are forms of Punishment in this world. Therefore, punishment has many forms. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-033 न स्याद्यदीह दण्डो वै प्रमथेयुः परस्परम् |
MN DUTT: 07-121-021 न स्याद् यदीह दण्डो वै प्रमथेयुः परस्परम् |
M. N. Dutt: If punishment had not existed, all creatures would have struck one another. Through fear of punishment, O Yudhishthira, living creatures do not kill one another. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-034 दण्डेन रक्ष्यमाणा हि राजन्नहरहः प्रजाः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-022 दण्डेन रक्ष्यमाणा हि राजनहरहः प्रजाः |
M. N. Dutt: O king, always protected by punishment, the subjects, increase the might of their ruler. It is for this that punishment is regarded as the highest refuge of all. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-035 व्यवस्थापयति क्षिप्रमिमं लोकं नरेश्वर |
MN DUTT: 07-121-023 व्यवस्थापयति क्षिप्रमिमं लोकं नरेश्वर |
M. N. Dutt: Punishment, o king, quickly sets the world on the path of righteousness. Depend upon truth, righteousness exits in Brahmanas. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-036 धर्मयुक्ता द्विजाः श्रेष्ठा वेदयुक्ता भवन्ति च |
MN DUTT: 07-121-024 धर्मयुक्ता द्विजश्रेष्ठा वेदयुक्ता भवन्ति च |
M. N. Dutt: Filled with righteousness, leading Brahmanas take to the study of the Vedas. From the Vedas the sacrifices originate. Sacrifices please the gods. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-037 प्रीताश्च देवता नित्यमिन्द्रे परिददत्युत |
MN DUTT: 07-121-025 प्रीताश्च देवता नित्यमिन्द्रे परिवदन्त्यपि |
M. N. Dutt: The gods being gratified, commend the dwellers of the Earth to Indra. For benefiting the inhabitants of the Earth, Indra gives them food. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-038 प्राणाश्च सर्वभूतानां नित्यमन्ने प्रतिष्ठिताः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-026 प्राणाश्च सर्वभूतानां नित्यमन्ने प्रतिष्ठिताः |
M. N. Dutt: The life of all creatures depends upon food. From food creatures derive their support and growth. Punishment in the shape of king remains wakeful amongst them. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-039 एवंप्रयोजनश्चैव दण्डः क्षत्रियतां गतः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-027 एवं प्रयोजनश्चैव दण्डः क्षत्रियतां गतः |
M. N. Dutt: For serving this object, punishment assumes the form of a Kshatriya among men. Protecting men he remains awake, always careful and never decaying. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-040 ईश्वरः पुरुषः प्राणः सत्त्वं वित्तं प्रजापतिः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-028 ईश्वरः पुरुषः प्राणः सत्त्वं चित्तं प्रजापतिः |
M. N. Dutt: Punishment has again these other eight names, viz., God, Men, Life, Power, Heart, the Lord of all creatures, the Soul of all things, and the Living creature. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-041 अददद्दण्ड एवास्मै ध्रुवमैश्वर्यमेव च |
MN DUTT: 07-121-029 धृतमैश्वर्यमेव च |
M. N. Dutt: God gave both prosperity and the rod of punishment to the king who is possessed of strength and who is a combination of five expedients. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-042 कुलबाहुधनामात्याः प्रज्ञा चोक्ता बलानि च |
MN DUTT: 07-121-030 कुलं बहुधनामात्याः प्रज्ञा प्रोक्ता बलानि तु |
M. N. Dutt: Nobility of blood, rich ministers, knowledge, the various kinds of forces with the eight objects mentioned below, and the other forces, should be sought for by the king, o Yudhishthira. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-043 हस्तिनोऽश्वा रथाः पत्तिर्नावो विष्टिस्तथैव च |
MN DUTT: 07-121-031 हस्तिनोऽश्वा रथाः पत्ति वो विष्टिस्तथैव च |
M. N. Dutt: a Those eight objects are elephants, horses, cars, infantry, boats, impressed labourers, increase of population, and cattle such as sheep, etc. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-044 अष्टाङ्गस्य तु युक्तस्य हस्तिनो हस्तियायिनः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-032 अथवाङ्गस्य युक्तस्य रथिनो हस्तियायिनः |
M. N. Dutt: Well-armed soldiers car-warriors, elephantwarriors, cavalry, infantry officers and surgeons form the limbs. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-045 भिक्षुकाः प्राड्विवाकाश्च मौहूर्ता दैवचिन्तकाः BORI CE: 12-121-046 सप्तप्रकृति चाष्टाङ्गं शरीरमिह यद्विदुः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-033 भिक्षुकाः प्राड्विवाकाश्च मौहूर्ता दैवचिन्तकाः |
M. N. Dutt: Beggars, principal judges, judges, astrologers, performers of propitiatory and Atharvan rites, treasury, allies, grain, and all other requisites, form the body, composed of seven attributes and eight limbs, of a kingdom. Punishment is another powerful limb of kingdom. Punishment is the creator of a kingdom. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-047 ईश्वरेण प्रयत्नेन धारणे क्षत्रियस्य हि |
MN DUTT: 07-121-034 ईश्वरेण प्रयत्नेन कारणात् क्षत्रियस्य च |
M. N. Dutt: God himself has, with great care, sent Punishment for the use of the Kshatriya. This eternal universe is impartial Punishment's self. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-121-035 राज्ञां पूज्यतमो नान्यो यथा धर्मः प्रदर्शितः |
M. N. Dutt: There is nothing which deserves greater respect from kings than Punishment by which the ways of Righteousness are marked out. Brahman himself, for the protection of the world and for establishing the duties of different orders, sent down Punishment. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-048 ब्रह्मणा लोकरक्षार्थं स्वधर्मस्थापनाय च |
MN DUTT: 07-121-036 भर्तृप्रत्यय उत्पन्नो व्यवहारस्तथापरः |
M. N. Dutt: There is another kind of Vyavahara (Law) originating from the disputes of litigants which also has sprung from Brahman. Principally marked by a belief in either of the two parties, that Vyavahara, (Law) yields great good. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-049 व्यवहारस्तु वेदात्मा वेदप्रत्यय उच्यते |
MN DUTT: 07-121-037 व्यवहारस्तु वेदात्मा वेदप्रत्यय उच्यते |
M. N. Dutt: There is another kind of Vyavahara which has the Veda for its soul. It also originates from the Veda. There is, O foremost of kings, a third kind of Vyavahara (Law) which is connected with family customs but which is quite of a piece with the scriptures. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-050 उक्तो यश्चापि दण्डोऽसौ भर्तृप्रत्ययलक्षणः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-038 उक्तो यश्चापि दण्डोऽसौ भर्तृप्रत्ययलक्षणः |
M. N. Dutt: That Vyavahara (Law) which has, as above, been said to be marked by a belief in either of two litigant parties, should be known by us as being inherent in the king. It should be also known by the name of Punishment, as also by the name of Evidence. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-051 दण्डप्रत्ययदृष्टोऽपि व्यवहारात्मकः स्मृतः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-039 दण्डः प्रत्ययदृष्टोऽपि व्यवहारात्मकः स्मृतः |
M. N. Dutt: Although Punishment is regulated by Evidence, yet it depends upon Law. Vyavahara (law) is really based upon Vedic precepts. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-052 यश्च वेदप्रसूतात्मा स धर्मो गुणदर्शकः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-040 यश्च वेदप्रसूतात्मा स धर्मो गुणदर्शनः |
M. N. Dutt: That Vyavahara (Law), which originates from the Vedas, is Morality or duty. It yields good to persons believing in duty and morality; men of purified souls have spoken of that Vyavahara (Law) as they have done of ordinary law. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-053 व्यवहारः प्रजागोप्ता ब्रह्मदिष्टो युधिष्ठिर |
MN DUTT: 07-121-041 व्यवहारः प्रजागोप्ता ब्रह्मदिष्टो युधिष्ठिर |
M. N. Dutt: The third kind of Vyavahara is also a protector of men, and it also originates from the Veda, O Yudhishthira! It keeps up the three worlds. It has Truth for its soul and yields prosperity. |
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Corresponding verse not found in BORI CE |
MN DUTT: 07-121-042 यश्च दण्डः स दृष्टो नो व्यवहारः सनातनः |
M. N. Dutt: That which is punishment is eternal Vyavahara. That which has been said to be Vyavahara is really the Veda. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-054 यश्च दण्डः स दृष्टो नो व्यवहारः सनातनः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-042 यश्च दण्डः स दृष्टो नो व्यवहारः सनातनः MN DUTT: 07-121-043 यश्च वेदः स वै धर्मो यश्च धर्मः स सत्पथः |
M. N. Dutt: That which is punishment is eternal Vyavahara. That which has been said to be Vyavahara is really the Veda. That which is the Veda is morality and duty. What is morality and duty is the path of Righteousness. This last in the beginning had been the Grandfather Brahman, that Lord of all creatures. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-055 ब्रह्मा प्रजापतिः पूर्वं बभूवाथ पितामहः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-044 लोकानां स हि सर्वेषां ससुरासुररक्षसाम् |
M. N. Dutt: Brahman is the Creator of the entire universe with the gods and Asuras and Rakshasas and human beings and snakes, and of every other things. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-056 ततो नो व्यवहारोऽयं भर्तृप्रत्ययलक्षणः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-045 ततोऽन्यो व्यवहारोऽयं भर्तृप्रत्ययलक्षणः |
M. N. Dutt: Hence that law which is characterised by a belief in either of two litigant parties has also originated from him. Therefore, he has laid down the following regarding Vyavahara. |
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BORI CE: 12-121-057 माता पिता च भ्राता च भार्या चाथ पुरोहितः |
MN DUTT: 07-121-046 माता पिता च भ्राता च भार्या चैव पुरोहिताः |
M. N. Dutt: Neither mother, nor father, nor brother, nor wife, nor priest, is unpunishable with that king who governs agreeable to his duty.' |
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